Electrosurgical conductive gas stream technique of achieving improved eschar for coagulation

Claim 2

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas not containing oxygen in a jet to the tissue at a predeterined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; and means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar.

Claim 3

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 1 wherein the predetermined power level at which radio frequency energy is transferred and the predetermined flow rate at which the gas is conducted and the predetermined gas are selected to create the eschar in fresh blood-perfused tissue and to initiate the ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet when the gas jet is spaced a sufficient distance from the tissue to have no substantial fluid clearing effect on the tissue.

Claim 4

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 2 wherein the radio frequency energy transferred is confined only to arcs conducted in the ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet.

Claim 5

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 1 wherein: said means for conducting a predetermined gas in the jet comprises a pencil-like device having nozzle means for creating a generally laminar jet; said electrical energy transferring means comprises an electrode means positioned within the gas flow path within the nozzle means; and further comprising: means connecting the electrode means to the nozzle means whereby said nozzle means and said electrode means form a unit; and wherein: the nozzle means and the electrode means are removable as a unit from the pencil-like device.

Claim 6

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 4 wherein: the nozzle means and the electrode means forming the unit are a part of a nozzle and electrode support assembly, and the pencil-like device includes a handle connected to both said gas conducting means and said energy transferring means, and coupler means for selectively connecting the nozzle and electrode support assembly in a predetermined connected relationship in the handle to supply gas from the handle to the nozzle means and to supply electrical energy from the handle to the electrode means.

Claim 7

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 5 further comprising: means for operatively sensing the predetermined connected relationship of the nozzle and electrode support assembly in the handle, and means for preventing the delivery of the electrical energy to the electrode means until the predetermined connected relationship is established.

Claim 8

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 1 wherein: said gas conducting means comprises cord means for conducting the predetermined gas therethrough, and said electrical energy transferring means comprises an electrical conductor positioned in the cord means and substantially surrounded by the predetermined gas conducted in said cord means.

Claim 9

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 7 wherein: said cord means comprises a plurality of lumens extending generally longitudinally along the length of the cord means and positioned generally concentrically about a longitudinal reference axis of the cord means, and the electrical conductor is positioned generally at the longitudinal reference axis.

Claim 10

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 1 wherein: said gas conducting means comprises a pencil-like device adapted to be manipulated by the surgeon during a surgical procedure and having nozzle means for creating the gas jet; said electrical energy transferring means comprises electrode means positioned within the gas flow path in said nozzle means and operative for transferring the electrical energy to the gas jet; said electrical energy transferring means comprises generator means for generating a first predetermined level of electrical power in a predetermined radio frequency range to create the eschar and for generating a second predetermined level of electrical power at the predetermined radio frequency range which is substantially less than the first power level, and means for supplying the electrical power generated to the electrode means; and said electrical energy transferring means further comprises means for sensing an electrical condition in the ionized pathways between the electrode means and the tissue to establish an operative separation distance of the pencil-like device from the tissue and for controlling the generator means to switch from generating the second predetrermined level of power to commence generating the first predetermined level of electrical power to create the eschar.

Claim 13

A method as defined in claim 10 wherein the arc hole reticulum of the improved eschar is further generally characterized in relation to an arc hole reticulum of an eschar created by prior art fulguration to achieve approximately the same hemostatic effect, by shallower depth, by arc holes of generally smaller cross-sectional size, by a larger number of arc holes distributed over a specific surface area of the eschar, by more uniformity in arc hole size, and by greater tissue wall thicknesses betwen adjacent arc holes.

Claim 14

A method as defined on claim 11, wherein the thermally desiccated layer of the improved eschar is further generally characterized in relation to a thermal desiccation layer of an eschar created by prior art fulguration to achieve approximately the same hemostatic effect, by shallower depth.

Claim 15

A method as defined in claim 10 wherein the improved eschar is further generally characterized by a substantial absence of charring and carbonization of the arc hole reticulum.

Claim 16

A method as defined in claim 10 wherein the arcs in the ionized patheways are generally shorter in length and in time duration on the average compared to the arcs in the ionized pathways of a prior art electrosurgical unit operating in a fulguration mode and using a conventional active electrode in an atmospheric environment.

Claim 17

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; and means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range as a non-arcing diffuse current in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar.

Claim 18

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; and means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range as a non-arcing diffuse current in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar.

Claim 21

A method as defined in claim 16 wherein the thermally desiccated layer is generally uniform in depth.

Claim 22

A method as defined in claim 16 wherein the thermally desiccated layer is further characterized by an absence of performations created by the electrical energy.

Claim 23

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar; and means for selectively switching between a first mode of operation and a second mode of operations; the first mode of operation resulting in the transfer of radio frequency electrical energy in arcs in the ionized conductive pathways; and the second mode of operation resulting in the transfer of radio frequency electrical energy as a non-arcing diffuse current in the ionized conductive pathways.

Claim 24

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar; and means for selectively switching between a first mode of operation and a second mode of operations; the first mode of operation resulting in the transfer of radio frequency electrical energy in arcs in the ionized conductive pathways; and the second mode of operation resulting in the transfer of radio frequency electrical energy as a non-arcing diffuse current in the ionized conductive pathways.

Claim 25

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 19 wherein said means for selectively switching between the first and second modes of operation comprises: means for selectively conducting a different predetermined gas in each mode of operation, and means for changing the predetermined level of power delivered in each mode of operation to achieve the defined electrical energy transfer characteristics in the gas jet in each mode of operation.

Claim 26

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 20 wherein the predetermined gas conducted in the first mode of operation is argon, and the predetermined gas conducted in the second mode of operation is helium.

Claim 27

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 20 wherein each predetermined gas is inert.

Claim 28

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar; and said electrical energy transferring means, when selectively activiated: transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a first predetermined active power level to create arcs in the ionized conductive pathways to thereby form the eschar on the tissue stroma, transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a second predetermined target power level less than the active power level to create substantially a non-arcing ionization state in the gas jet when not transferring the active power level, and automatically switches between the target power level and the active power level upon sensing a predetermined electrical condition in the ionized conductive pathways to the tissue.

Claim 29

An electrosurgical unit for creating an improved eschar in the stroma of tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas in a jet to the tissue at a predetermined flow rate sufficient to clear natural fluids from fluid-perfused tissue and to substantially expose the tissue stroma; means for transferring electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in ionized conductive pathways at a predetermined power level within the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create the eschar; and said electrical energy transferring means, when selectively activiated: transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a first predetermined active power level to create arcs in the ionized conductive pathways to thereby form the eschar on the tissue stroma, transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a second predetermined target power level less than the active power level to create substantially a non-arcing ionization state in the gas jet when not transferring the active power level, and automatically switches between the target power level and the active power level upon sensing a predetermined electrical condition in the ionized conductive pathways to the tissue.

Claim 30

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 23 wherein the predetermined electrical condition in the ionized conductive pathways is the conduction of at least one arc of electrical energy while transferring the target power level.

Claim 31

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 24 wherein said electrical energy transferring means further: transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a third predetermined level which is less than the target power level after first sensing the presence of a predetermined number of arcs in the ionized conductive pathways while transferring the target power, and automatically switches to the active power level upon sensing a predetermined number of arcs in the ionized conductive pathways while transferring the third power level to the gas jet.

Claim 32

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 25 wherein said electrical energy transferring means further: automatically switches to the target power level upon failing to sense the predetermined number of arcs within a predetermined time period while transferring the third power level.

Claim 33

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 25 wherein said electrical energy transferring means further: transfers electrical energy to the gas jet at a fourth predetermined booster power level which is greater than the target power level and less than the active power level, upon initiating the delivery of electrical power to the gas jet.

Claim 34

An electrosurgical unit for creating an electrosurgical effect on tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas at a predetermined flow rate in a jet to the tissue, electrode means positioned within the gas jet and operative for transferring electrical energy to the tissue in ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet to achieve an electrosurgical effect, generator means for generating first predetermined power level of electrical energy in a predetermined radio frequency range to create the electrosurgical effect and for generating a second predetermined power level of electrical energy at the predetermined radio frequency range, the second power level being substantially less than the first power level and substantially insufficient to create the electrosurgical effect, means for supplying the electrical power generated to the electrode means, and sensing means including means for operatively sensing a predetermined characteristic related to the distance between the electrode means and the tissue and for controlling the generator means to deliver the first power level when the electrode means is separated from the tissue by less than a predetermined distance and for controlling the generator means to deliver the second power level when the electrode means is separated from the tissue by greater than the predetermined distance.

Claim 35

An electrosurgical unit for creating an electrosurgical effect on tissue, comprising: means for conducting a predetermined gas at a predetermined flow rate in a jet to the tissue, electrode means positioned within the gas jet and operative for transferring electrical energy to the tissue in ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet to achieve an electrosurgical effect, generator means for generating first predetermined power level of electrical energy in a predetermined radio frequency range to create the electrosurgical effect and for generating a second predetermined power level of electrical energy at the predetermined radio frequency range, the second power level being substantially less than the first power level and substantially insufficient to create the electrosurgical effect, means for supplying the electrical power generated to the electrode means, and sensing means including means for operatively sensing a predetermined characteristic related to the distance between the electrode means and the tissue and for controlling the generator means to deliver the first power level when the electrode means is separated from the tissue by less than a predetermined distance and for controlling the generator means to deliver the second power level when the electrode means is separated from the tissue by greater than the predetermined distance.

Claim 36

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 28 wherein said sensing means operatively senses a predetermined electrical characteristic of the spacial gap between the electrode means and the tissue to establish the predetermined distance.

Claim 37

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 29 wherein the predetermined electrical characteristic is a current conduction characteristic.

Claim 38

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 29 wherein the predetermined electrical characteristic is at least one arc in the gas jet from the electrode means to the tissue.

Claim 39

An electrosurgical unit for creating an eschar on tissue, comprising: means for creating a jet of a predetermined ionizable gas flowing at a predetermined flow rate; electrode means positioned within the gas jet for transferring electrical energy to the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue; and electrosurgical generator means connected to the electrode means and operative for generating electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range and at a plurality of different predetermined power levels and operative to deliver the electrical energy generated to the electrode means to create ionized conductive pathways within the gas jet by which electrical energy is conducted to the tissue within the gas jet, said electrosurgical generator means comprising: resonant circuit means having a natural resonant frequency within the predetermined radio frequency range and operative when energized by drive pulses to supply the electrical energy at the predetermined frequency range to said electrode means, drive pulse generator means for supplying drive pulses of predetermined energy content to said resonant circuit means; control means connected to the drive pulse generator means for controlling the drive pulse generator means to supply a plurality of predetermined different types of drive pulses, each predetermined different type of drive pulse having a different energy content; sensing means connected to the resonant circuit means and to the control means and operative for sensing a predetermined electrical signal characteristic in the resonant circuit means which relates to a predetermined electrical condition in the ionized conductive pathways between the electrode means and the tissue, said sensing means supplying an active level signal to said control means upon sensing the predetermined electrical signal characteristic and supplying a target level signal to said control means when the predetermined electrical characteristic is not sensed, said control means responding to the target level signal to control said drive pulse generator means to supply a target drive pulse of predetermined energy content sufficient to ionize the gas jet in a non-arcing state, and said control means responding to the active level signal to control said drive pulse generator means to supply an active drive pulse of predetermined energy content sufficient to ionize the gas jet in arcs.

Claim 40

An electrosurgical unit for creating an eschar on tissue, comprising: means for creating a jet of a predetermined ionizable gas flowing at a predetermined flow rate; electrode means positioned within the gas jet for transferring electrical energy to the gas jet in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue; and electrosurgical generator means connected to the electrode means and operative for generating electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range and at a plurality of different predetermined power levels and operative to deliver the electrical energy generated to the electrode means to create ionized conductive pathways within the gas jet by which electrical energy is conducted to the tissue within the gas jet, said electrosurgical generator means comprising: resonant circuit means having a natural resonant frequency within the predetermined radio frequency range and operative when energized by drive pulses to supply the electrical energy at the predetermined frequency range to said electrode means, drive pulse generator means for supplying drive pulses of predetermined energy content to said resonant circuit means; control means connected to the drive pulse generator means for controlling the drive pulse generator means to supply a plurality of predetermined different types of drive pulses, each predetermined different type of drive pulse having a different energy content; sensing means connected to the resonant circuit means and to the control means and operative for sensing a predetermined electrical signal characteristic in the resonant circuit means which relates to a predetermined electrical condition in the ionized conductive pathways between the electrode means and the tissue, said sensing means supplying an active level signal to said control means upon sensing the predetermined electrical signal characteristic and supplying a target level signal to said control means when the predetermined electrical characteristic is not sensed, said control means responding to the target level signal to control said drive pulse generator means to supply a target drive pulse of predetermined energy content sufficient to ionize the gas jet in a non-arcing state, and said control means responding to the active level signal to control said drive pulse generator means to supply an active drive pulse of predetermined energy content sufficient to ionize the gas jet in arcs.

Claim 41

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 32 wherein: said sensing means is further operative for supplying a target power switch signal initially upon sensing the predetermined electrical signal characteristic, and said control means responding to the target power switch signal to control said drive pulse generator means to reduce the energy content of the target drive pulses to a predetermined amount.

Claim 42

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 33 wherein said sensing means maintains the target power switch signal for a predetermined time period after initially sensing the predetermined electrical signal characteristic.

Claim 43

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 35 wherein the sensing means supplies the active level signal upon sensing the predetermined electrical signal characteristic for a predetermined time during which the target power switch signal is delivered.

Claim 44

An electrosurgical unit as defined as claim 32 further comprising: control switch means for supplying a request signal when selectively activated by the surgeon to request the delivery of electrical energy to the gas jet, and wherein: said control means operatively responds to the request signal to control said drive pulse generator means to supply a booster drive pulse of predetermined energy content to initially ionize the gas jet for a predetermined booster time period after the occurrence of the request signal and thereafter to supply the target drive pulse after expiration of the predetermined booster time period, each booster drive pulse having an energy content greater than the energy content of a target drive pulse and less than the energy content of an active drive pulse.

Claim 45

An electrosurgical unit for conducting electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in an ionizable gas jet to tissue in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create an eschar in the tissue, comprising: electrode means by which to transfer electrical energy to the gas jet; and an electrosurgical generator means connected to the electrode means, said generator means having a sufficiently high end internal impedance to transfer sufficient electrical energy in ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet while the gas jet is flowing at a predetermined sufficiently high flow rate to clear fluids from the surface of the stroma of a tissue perfused with natural fluids, and to sustain ionization when the gas jet is spaced sufficiently distant from the tissue to avoid any electrosurgical effect on the tissue; and wherein the high end internal impedance of the electrosurgical generator means extends in excess of a value within the range of three to six thousand ohms; and the predetermined gas flow rate is greater than four standard liters per minute.

Claim 46

An electrosurgical unit for conducting electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in an ionizable gas jet to tissue in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue to create an eschar in the tissue, comprising: electrode means by which to transfer electrical energy to the gas jet; and an electrosurgical generator means connected to the electrode means, said generator means having a sufficiently high end internal impedance to transfer sufficient electrical energy in ionized conductive pathways in the gas jet while the gas jet is flowing at a predetermined sufficiently high flow rate to clear fluids from the surface of the stroma of a tissue perfused with natural fluids, and to sustain ionization when the gas jet is spaced sufficiently distant from the tissue to avoid any electrosurgical effect on the tissue; and wherein the high end internal impedance of the electrosurgical generator means extends in excess of a value within the range of three to six thousand ohms; and the predetermined gas flow rate is greater than four standard liters per minute.

Claim 47

An electrosurgical unit for conducting electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in a gas jet to tissue in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue, comprising: a pencil-like device adapted to be manipulated by the surgeon during the surgical procedure and comprising nozzle means for creating the gas jet and means for transferring the electrical energy in the gas jet to the tissue, electrosurgical generator means for generating electrical energy at the predetermined radio frequency range; gas supplying means for supplying gas by which to create the gas jet; cord means operatively connecting the pencil-like device with the electrosurgical generator means and the gas supplying means, said cord means including an electrical conductor extending therealong and electrically connecting the electrosurgical generator means with the electrical energy transferring means to conduct electrical energy therebetween, said cord means also including a plurality of gas conducting lumens extending generally parallel to the electrical conductor and generally surrounding the electrical conductor; means responsive to one of a predetermined gas pressure or gas flow condition within the pencil-like device and operative for preventing the electrosurgical generator means from delivering electrical energy upon detecting a failure to establish the predetermined one of the gas flow or gas pressure conditions; said pencil-like device further comprises: a handle connected to said cord means; a nozzle and electrode support assembly having the nozzle means for creating the gas jet from gas supplied through the gas conducting lumens of said cord means and also comprising electrode means, the means for transferring the electrical energy from the electrical conductor of said cord means to the gas jet including the electrode means; and coupler means connected to the handle and operative for removably connecting the nozzle and electrode support assembly to the pencil-like device; said coupler means further comprises conduit means for operatively extending each lumen of said cord means through said coupler means; and said nozzle and electrode support assembly comprises means operative when said nozzle and electrode assembly is properly connected in the pencil-like device for channeling gas supplied in one supply lumen in said cord means back to another sensing lumen in said cord means by which to sense the predetermined one of the gas flow or gas pressure conditions in said pencil-like device.

Claim 48

An electrosurgical unit for conducting electrical energy at a predetermined radio frequency range in a gas jet to tissue in an electrical circuit which includes the tissue, comprising: a pencil-like device adapted to be manipulated by the surgeon during the surgical procedure and comprising nozzle means for creating the gas jet and means for transferring the electrical energy in the gas jet to the tissue, electrosurgical generator means for generating electrical energy at the predetermined radio frequency range; gas supplying means for supplying gas by which to create the gas jet; cord means operatively connecting the pencil-like device with the electrosurgical generator means and the gas supplying means, said cord means including an electrical conductor extending therealong and electrically connecting the electrosurgical generator means with the electrical energy transferring means to conduct electrical energy therebetween, said cord means also including a plurality of gas conducting lumens extending generally parallel to the electrical conductor and generally surrounding the electrical conductor; means responsive to one of a predetermined gas pressure or gas flow condition within the pencil-like device and operative for preventing the electrosurgical generator means from delivering electrical energy upon detecting a failure to establish the predetermined one of the gas flow or gas pressure conditions; said pencil-like device further comprises: a handle connected to said cord means; a nozzle and electrode support assembly having the nozzle means for creating the gas jet from gas supplied through the gas conducting lumens of said cord means and also comprising electrode means, the means for transferring the electrical energy from the electrical conductor of said cord means to the gas jet including the electrode means; and coupler means connected to the handle and operative for removably connecting the nozzle and electrode support assembly to the pencil-like device; said coupler means further comprises conduit means for operatively extending each lumen of said cord means through said coupler means; and said nozzle and electrode support assembly comprises means operative when said nozzle and electrode assembly is properly connected in the pencil-like device for channeling gas supplied in one supply lumen in said cord means back to another sensing lumen in said cord means by which to sense the predetermined one of the gas flow or gas pressure conditions in said pencil-like device.

Claim 49

An electrosurgical unit as defined in claim 38 further comprising means operatively connected to the sensing lumen of said cord means and operative in response to the gas condition in said sensing lumen to control the electrosurgical generator means.

Claim 52

A method as defined in claim 40 further comprising: substantially clearing the surface of the tissue of fluids during the formation of the eschar by controlling the predetermined flow rate of the gas jet.

Claim 53

A method as defined in claim 40 further comprising: inhibiting the occurrence of charred material by flowing a gas in the jet which is substantially absent of oxygen.

Claim 54

A method as defined in claim 40 further comprising: limiting the predetermined maximum flow rate of the gas jet to a level which will support the conduction of the arcs to the-tissue without extinguishing the ionized pathways.

Claim 55

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein applying electrical energy of a predetermined characteristic to the gas jet further comprises: applying energy at a predetermined radio frequecy range to the gas jet, the predetermined radio frequency being a frequency which results in conduction of the electrical energy substantially only through the ionized pathways of the gas jet.

Claim 56

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein the gas jet applied to the tissue is in a generally laminar flow condition.

Claim 57

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein each ionized pathway which conducts an arc is approximately equal in length from the point of creation of the arc to the surface of the tissue.

Claim 58

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein the depth of the eschar to the lowermost boundary of the second layer is characteristically less than the depth of an eschar formed by prior art conventional electrosurgical fulguration, to achieve approximately the same hemostatic effect.

Claim 59

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein applying the electrical energy to the gas stream further comprises: delivering electrical energy of the predetermined characteristics to the gas jet operatively from an electrical generator, the electrical generator having a sufficiently high internal impedance to result in initiating ionization in the gas jet when the gas jet is spaced so substantially away from the tissue as to achieve no electrosurgical effect.

Claim 60

A method as defined in claim 40 wherein the length of the ionized pathways is sufficiently great to avoid obscuring visualization of the formation of the eschar.

Claim 63

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein the thermally desiccated layer of the eschar is substantially uniform in depth.

Claim 64

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein the thermally desiccated layer is further characterized by an absence of perforations created by the electrical energy.

Claim 65

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein the electrical energy is conducted at a predetermined radio frequency which results in conduction of the diffuse current substantially only through the ionized conductive pathways of the gas jet.

Claim 66

A method as defined in claim 50 further comprising: substantially clearing the surface of the tissue of fluids during the formation of the eschar by controlling the predetermined flow rate of the gas jet.

Claim 67

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein the gas jet applied to the tissue is in a substantially laminar flow condition.

Claim 68

A method as defined in claim 50 further comprising limiting the electrical energy applied to the gas jet to a predetermined level which results in the conduction of the diffuse current in the ionized pathways without initiating arcs in the ionized pathways.

Claim 69

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein each ionized pathway that conducts the diffuse current is approximately equal in length.

Claim 70

A method as defined in claim 50 wherein the length of the ionized pathways is sufficiently great to avoid obscuring visualization of the formation of the eschar.

Claim 71

A method as defined as claim 50 wherein applying the electrical energy to the gas stream further comprises: delivering electrical energy of the predetermined characteristics to the gas jet from an electrical generator, and creating a sufficiently high internal impedance in the generator to result in initiating ionization in the gas jet when the gas jet is spaced so substantially away from the tissue to achieve any electrosurgical effect.