US4146499A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
Method for preparing microemulsions
Assignee: Individual
•
Filing: 1977-07-25
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Granted: 1979-03-27
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Expires: 1997-07-25
Abstract
Abstract A unique method for the preparation of oil-in-water microemulsions is described. In carrying out this method, microemulsions are prepared in a four-step process: (1) a surfactant is selected which is just barely soluble in the oil phase; (2) the surfactant thus selected is dissolved in the oil to be emulsified in an amount effective to yield a fine emulsion of the emulsified oil in an aqueous phase; and (3) the oil, together with its dissolved surfactant, is added to the water phase and shaken or stirred; and (4) finally, there is provided a second surfactant in the water phase which is somewhat more soluble in water than the first surfactant to produce a substantially clear microemulsion of oil in water.
Inventors
- 👤 Henri L. Rosano
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-23 01:35
CPC Classifications
C; C08; C08J; C08J3/00; C08J3/02; C08J3/03; A; A01; A01N; A01N25/00; A01N25/02; A01N25/04; A61; A61K; A61K9/00; A61K9/10; A61K9/107; A61K9/1075; C09; C09K; C09K23/00; C09K23/017; C11; C11D; C11D17/00; C11D17/0008; C11D17/0017; C11D17/0021; C08J2383/00; C08J2383/04; Y; Y10; Y10S; Y10S507/00; Y10S507/935; Y10S507/936; Y10S507/937; Y10S507/938
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 61
Claim 1
Independent Claim
198 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
198 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
42 words
A method according to claim 1 wherein said solution (ii) of water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant is dispersed into the aqueous phase to form a lactescent emulsion, and said secondary surfactant is thereafter added to the lactescent emulsion to form a microemulsion.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
265 words
A method according to claim 1 wherein said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan esters of fatty acids having 10 to 22 carbon atoms; polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids having up to 80% ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids; polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty phenols having 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty group, and up to 80% ethylene oxide; fatty amino and amido betaines having 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the fatty group; fatty alcohols of 5 to 16 carbon atoms; polyoxyethylene condensates of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids or fatty alcohols having up to 80% ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers having 10-80 weight percent ethylene oxide and a molecular weight of 900-16,000; fatty alkyl aryl sulfonates of 6 to 20 carbons in the fatty group; C 10 to C 22 fatty acid soaps of an alkali metal or ammonia; C 10 to C 22 fatty sulfates; C 10 to C 22 fatty sulfonates; C 10 to C 22 fatty amine oxides; fatty imidazolines of C 6 to C 20 carbon atoms in the fatty group; fatty amido sulfobetaines having 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the fatty group; fatty ammonium compounds having 10 to 22 carbon atoms; C 10 to C 22 fatty morpholine oxides, alkali metal salts of carboxylated ethoxylated C 10 to C 22 alcohols, ethylene oxide condensates of C 10 to C 22 fatty acid monoesters of glycine, and C 10 to C 22 fatty acid mono, and diethanol amides.
Claim 5
Independent Claim
209 words
A method for dispersing a lipophilic substance in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) dissolving said lipophilic substance in a water-immiscible solvent therefore, forming thereby a water-immiscible solution, said solution containing at least 5% of said lipophilic substance; (ii) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said solution and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said solution (i) in said aqueous phase; (iii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said solution, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said solution that upon dispersion of said solution in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of said surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iv) dispersing said solution (iii) of said lipophilic substance, primary surfactant and water-immiscible solvent into the aqueous phase wherein said substance is to be dispersed; and (v) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (iii) in said water phase as a microemulsion.
Claim 6
Independent Claim
209 words
A method for dispersing a lipophilic substance in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) dissolving said lipophilic substance in a water-immiscible solvent therefore, forming thereby a water-immiscible solution, said solution containing at least 5% of said lipophilic substance; (ii) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said solution and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said solution (i) in said aqueous phase; (iii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said solution, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said solution that upon dispersion of said solution in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of said surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iv) dispersing said solution (iii) of said lipophilic substance, primary surfactant and water-immiscible solvent into the aqueous phase wherein said substance is to be dispersed; and (v) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (iii) in said water phase as a microemulsion.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
44 words
A method according to claim 4 wherein said solution (iii) of lipophilic substance, primary surfactant and water-immiscible solvent is dispersed into the aqueous phase to form a lactescent emulsion, and said secondary surfactant is thereafter added to the lactescent emulsion to form a microemulsion.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
270 words
A process according to claim 4 wherein said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan esters of fatty acids having 10 to 22 carbon atoms; polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids having up to 80% ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids; polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty phenols having 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty group and up to 80% ethylene oxide; fatty amino and amido betaines having 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the fatty group; fatty alcohols of 5 to 16 carbon atoms; polyoxyethylene condensates of C 10 to C 22 fatty acids or fatty alcohols having up to 80% ethylene oxide; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers having 10-80 weight percent ethylene oxide and a molecular weight of 900-16,000; fatty alkyl aryl sulfonates of 6 to 20 carbons in the fatty group; C 10 to C 22 fatty acid soaps of an alkali metal or ammonia; C 10 to C 22 fatty sulfates; C 10 to C 22 fatty sulfonates; C 10 to C 22 fatty amine oxides; fatty imidazolines of C 6 to C 20 carbon atoms in the fatty group; fatty amido sulfobetaines having 10 to 22 carbon atoms in the fatty group; quaternary surfactants such as the fatty ammonium compounds having 10 to 22 carbon atoms; C 10 to C 22 fatty morpholine oxides and alkali metal salts of carboxylated ethoxylated C 10 to C 22 alcohols, ethylene oxide condensates of C 10 to C 22 fatty acid monoesters of glycerine, and the C 10 to C 22 mono, and diethanol amides.
Claim 9
Independent Claim
238 words
A method for dispersing a lipophilic substance in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) dissolving said lipophilic substance in a water-immiscible solvent therefor, forming thereby a water-immiscible solution, said solution containing at least 5% of said lipophilic substance, said water-immiscible solvent being substantially more volatile than water; (ii) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said solution and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said solution (i) in said aqueous phase; (iii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said solution, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said solution that upon dispersion of said solution in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of said surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iv) dispersing said solution (iii) of said lipophilic substance, primary surfactant and water-immiscible solvent into the aqueous phase wherein said substance is to be dispersed; and (v) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (iii) in said water phase as a microemulsion, and, after dispersion of said solution (iii) in the water phase as a microemulsion, said solution is removed by evaporation.
Claim 10
Independent Claim
238 words
A method for dispersing a lipophilic substance in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) dissolving said lipophilic substance in a water-immiscible solvent therefor, forming thereby a water-immiscible solution, said solution containing at least 5% of said lipophilic substance, said water-immiscible solvent being substantially more volatile than water; (ii) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said solution and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said solution (i) in said aqueous phase; (iii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said solution, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said solution that upon dispersion of said solution in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of said surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iv) dispersing said solution (iii) of said lipophilic substance, primary surfactant and water-immiscible solvent into the aqueous phase wherein said substance is to be dispersed; and (v) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, the said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (iii) in said water phase as a microemulsion, and, after dispersion of said solution (iii) in the water phase as a microemulsion, said solution is removed by evaporation.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
21 words
A method according to claim 1 wherein said primary surfactant comprises at least about 20% by volume of said water-immiscible liquid.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
21 words
A process according to claim 4 wherein said primary surfactant comprises at least about 20% by volume of said solution (iii).
Claim 13
Independent Claim
250 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid having a dominant portion of a light mineral oil in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of glycerol fatty acid partial esters and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 3-6 ethylene oxide units per mole; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkyl amino or amido betaine, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 14
Independent Claim
250 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid having a dominant portion of a light mineral oil in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of glycerol fatty acid partial esters and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 3-6 ethylene oxide units per mole; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkyl phenols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkyl amino or amido betaine, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
13 words
A process according to claim 10 wherein said primary surfactant is glycerol monooleate.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
23 words
A process according to claim 10 wherein said primary surfactant is an ethoxylated nonylphenol having 5 to 6 ethylene oxide units per mol.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
21 words
A process according to claim 10 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of a lipophilic substance in light mineral oil.
Claim 18
Independent Claim
220 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid which consists essentially of benzene in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of nonylphenol·1 ethylene oxide; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant consisting essentially of nonylphenol·15 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 19
Independent Claim
220 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid which consists essentially of benzene in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of nonylphenol·1 ethylene oxide; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant consisting essentially of nonylphenol·15 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 20
Independent Claim
238 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid which consists essentially of 1-pentanol in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of ethoxylated nonylphenol having from 5-11 ethylene oxide units; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated phenol having 9.5-15 ethylene oxide units and lauryl alcohol·7 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 21
Independent Claim
238 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid which consists essentially of 1-pentanol in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of ethoxylated nonylphenol having from 5-11 ethylene oxide units; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated phenol having 9.5-15 ethylene oxide units and lauryl alcohol·7 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 22
Independent Claim
278 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid having a dominant portion of a halogenated solvent in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated nonylphenol having 7-9 ethylene oxide units per mole; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated nonylphenol having 8-15 ethylene oxide units per mole, and lauryl alcohol·6 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 23
Independent Claim
278 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid having a dominant portion of a halogenated solvent in an aqueous phase as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated nonylphenol having 7-9 ethylene oxide units per mole; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids, ethoxylated nonylphenol having 8-15 ethylene oxide units per mole, and lauryl alcohol·6 EO, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
35 words
A process according to claim 16 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is carbon tetrachloride, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9EO, and said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of lauryl alcohol·7EO and nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
29 words
A process according to claim 16 wherein said halogenated solvent has from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and is substituted in at least one position with chlorine or fluorine.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
31 words
A process according to claim 16 wherein said halogenated solvent is an alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which is substituted in at least one position with chlorine or fluorine.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
29 words
A process according to claim 10 wherein said water-immiscible liquid consists essentially of n-hexadecane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·3EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
33 words
A process according to claim 16 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a lipophilic substance dissolved in methylene dichloride, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
30 words
A method according to claim 7 wherein said water-immiscible solvent is trichlorotrifluoroethane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monostearate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate·20EO.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
38 words
A method according to claim 7 wherein said lipophilic substance is an edible fat, wax or oil, said solvent is n-hexane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
37 words
A process according to claim 7 wherein said lipophilic substance is an edible fat, wax or oil, said solvent is trichlorofluoroethane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9.5EO.
Claim 32
Independent Claim
263 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase, said aqueous phase having at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite or an alkali-metal peroxide dissolved therein as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of nonylphenol·10-11 EO and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers having molecular weight of 6,000-7,000 and containing 60-80% ethylene oxide; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid amino betaine and ethoxylated lauryl alcohol, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 33
Independent Claim
263 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase, said aqueous phase having at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite or an alkali-metal peroxide dissolved therein as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of nonylphenol·10-11 EO and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers having molecular weight of 6,000-7,000 and containing 60-80% ethylene oxide; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid amino betaine and ethoxylated lauryl alcohol, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
33 words
A method according to claim 7 wherein said lipophilic substance is a polysiloxane, said solvent is trichlorotrifluoroethane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9.5EO.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
89 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible liquid dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein (i) said water-immiscible liquid contains a dominant portion of light mineral oil; (ii) said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of glycerol fatty acid partial esters and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 3 to 6 ethylene oxide units per mol; and (iii) said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylamino or amido betaine.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
89 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible liquid dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein (i) said water-immiscible liquid contains a dominant portion of light mineral oil; (ii) said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of glycerol fatty acid partial esters and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 3 to 6 ethylene oxide units per mol; and (iii) said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylamino or amido betaine.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
13 words
A microemulsion according to claim 27 wherein said primary surfactant is glycerol monooleate.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
22 words
A microemulsion according to claim 27 wherein said primary surfactant is ethoxylated nonylphenol having 5 to 6 ethylene oxide units per mol.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
21 words
A microemulsion according to claim 27 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of a lipophilic substance in light mineral oil.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
40 words
A microemulsion of benzene dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·1EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
40 words
A microemulsion of benzene dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·1EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
27 words
A microemulsion according to claim 27 wherein said mineral oil is n-hexadecane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·3EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
64 words
A microemulsion of pentanol dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant consists essentially of ethoxylated nonylphenol having from 5 to 11 ethylene oxide units and said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated nonylphenol having 9.5 to 15 ethylene oxide units and lauryl alcohol·7EO.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
64 words
A microemulsion of pentanol dispersed in an aqueous phase having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant consists essentially of ethoxylated nonylphenol having from 5 to 11 ethylene oxide units and said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated nonylphenol having 9.5 to 15 ethylene oxide units and lauryl alcohol·7EO.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
142 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible liquid dispersed in water having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein (i) said water-immiscible liquid has a dominant portion of a halogenated solvent; (ii) said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 7-9 ethylene oxide units per mol; and (iii) said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, nonylphenol having 8-15 ethylene oxide units per mol, and lauryl alcohol·6-10 EO, said secondary surfactant having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
142 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible liquid dispersed in water having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein (i) said water-immiscible liquid has a dominant portion of a halogenated solvent; (ii) said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and ethoxylated nonylphenol having 7-9 ethylene oxide units per mol; and (iii) said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, ethoxylated sorbitol monoesters of fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, nonylphenol having 8-15 ethylene oxide units per mol, and lauryl alcohol·6-10 EO, said secondary surfactant having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
29 words
A microemulsion according to claim 34 wherein said halogenated solvent has from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and is substituted in at least one position with chlorine or fluorine.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
31 words
A microemulsion according to claim 34 wherein said halogenated solvent is an alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which is substituted in at least one position with chlorine or fluorine.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
34 words
A microemulsion according to claim 34 wherein said solvent is carbon tetrachloride, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9EO, and said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of lauryl alcohol·7EO and nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
21 words
A microemulsion according to claim 34 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of a lipophilic substance in said halogenated solvent.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
36 words
A microemulsion according to claim 38 wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of a lipophilic substance dissolved in methylene dichloride, said primary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·15EO.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
34 words
A microemulsion according to claim 34 wherein said water-immiscible liquid has a dominant portion of trichlorotrifluoroethane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monostearate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate·20EO.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
59 words
A microemulsion comprising a dispersion of a water-immiscible liquid in water having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of an edible fat, wax or oil in n-hexane, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of sorbitan monolaurate, and said secondary surfactant consisting essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
59 words
A microemulsion comprising a dispersion of a water-immiscible liquid in water having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said water-immiscible liquid is a solution of an edible fat, wax or oil in n-hexane, said primary surfactant consisting essentially of sorbitan monolaurate, and said secondary surfactant consisting essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
27 words
A microemulsion according to claim 38 wherein said solvent is trichlorofluoroethane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9.5EO.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
33 words
A microemulsion according to claim 38 wherein said solvent is trichlorotrifluoroethane, and said lipophilic substance is polysiloxane, said primary surfactant consists essentially of sorbitan monolaurate·20EO, and said secondary surfactant consists essentially of nonylphenol·9.5EO.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
100 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible solvent having a dominant portion of carbon tetrachloride in an aqueous phase which has at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite or an alkali metal peroxide dissolved therein, said dispersion having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of nonylphenol·10-11EO and ethylene oxidepropylene oxide block polymers having a molecular weight of 6,000-7,000 and containing 60-80% ethylene oxide; and wherein said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of a fatty amino betaine and ethoxylated lauryl alcohol.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
100 words
A microemulsion of a water-immiscible solvent having a dominant portion of carbon tetrachloride in an aqueous phase which has at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite or an alkali metal peroxide dissolved therein, said dispersion having a mixed surfactant system consisting essentially of a primary surfactant and a secondary surfactant, wherein said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of nonylphenol·10-11EO and ethylene oxidepropylene oxide block polymers having a molecular weight of 6,000-7,000 and containing 60-80% ethylene oxide; and wherein said secondary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of a fatty amino betaine and ethoxylated lauryl alcohol.
Claim 59
Independent Claim
253 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase having at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide or an alkali metal peroxide dissolved therein as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of C 10 -C 22 fatty amine oxides, and a C 10 -C 22 fatty acid soap; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being a C 4 -C 10 tertiary alcohol, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 60
Independent Claim
253 words
A method for dispersing a water-immiscible liquid in an aqueous phase having at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide or an alkali metal peroxide dissolved therein as a microemulsion comprising (i) selecting a primary surfactant which is an amphiphatic substance which has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance not substantially lower than the balance sufficient to render said primary surfactant soluble in said water-immiscible liquid, and which is capable of forming a lactescent emulsion of said water-immiscible liquid dispersed in said aqueous phase, said primary surfactant being selected from the group consisting of C 10 -C 22 fatty amine oxides, and a C 10 -C 22 fatty acid soap; (ii) dissolving said primary surfactant in said water-immiscible liquid, the amount of said primary surfactant being sufficient relative to the amount of said water-immiscible liquid that upon dispersion of said water-immiscible liquid in the water phase as a microemulsion, said primary surfactant will be capable of forming a substantially monomolecular layer of surfactant around the individual droplets of said microemulsion; (iii) dispersing the solution (ii) of said water-immiscible liquid and primary surfactant into the aqueous phase wherein said liquid is to be dispersed; and (iv) providing a secondary surfactant in said aqueous phase which has a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant, said secondary surfactant being a C 4 -C 10 tertiary alcohol, the amount of said secondary surfactant being sufficient to disperse said solution (ii) in the water phase as a microemulsion and having a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance than said primary surfactant.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
71 words
A microemulsion according to claim 27, wherein (a) said aqueous phase has at least 3% of an alkali metal hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide or an alkali metal peroxide; (b) said primary surfactant is selected from the group consisting of a C 10 to C 22 fatty amine oxide or a C 10 to C 22 fatty acid soap; and (c) the secondary surfactant is a C 4 to C 10 tertiary alcohol.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1982-03-26 | 1982-09-25 | 1983-03-27 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1986-03-26 | 1986-09-25 | 1987-03-27 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1990-03-26 | 1990-09-25 | 1991-03-27 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |